Gallstone disease and increased risk of mortality: Two large prospective studies in US men and women

Abstract Background and Aim Gallstone disease has been related to a higher prevalence and incidence of chronic conditions, such as dyslipidemia, obesity, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, limited data are available regarding whether gallstone disease is related to mortality. Methods We examined the relationship of a history of gallstone disease and risk of death, using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, among 86 030 women from the Nurses' Health Study and 43 949 men from the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study. Results During the up‐to 32 years of follow‐up, 34 011 all‐cause deaths were confirmed, of which 8138 were CVD deaths and 12 173 were cancer deaths. For the participants with a history of gallstone disease compared with those without, the hazard ratio of total mortality was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 1.13, 1.20), of CVD mortality 1.11 (1.05, 1.17), of cancer mortality 1.15 (1.09, 1.20), and of other mortality 1.19 (1.14, 1.25) from a pooled‐analysis of women and men (all P < 0.001). The multi‐adjusted associations between gallstone disease and total mortality persisted among women and men, and among participants with various risk profiles including the different status of body mass index, hormone therapy use, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia (all P for interaction ≥ 0.09). Conclusion These data suggest that gallstone disease is associated with a higher risk of total mortality and disease‐specific mortality, including CVD and cancer mortality, independent of various traditional risk factors.