Recent progress of molybdenum-based nitrides/carbides catalysts for lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries stand out due to their high theoretical energy density, natural abundance of sulfur, and cost-effectiveness. Despite these advantages, challenges such as the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides, electrode degradation, and safety concerns hinder their commercialization. Recent advances have focused on integrating molybdenum-based nitrides and carbides to address these issues. These materials offer advantages such as tunable compositions, adjustable lattice structures, semi-metallic conductivity, and enhanced catalytic activity and electron transport. In this mini-review, we delve into the unique physicochemical properties of molybdenum-based nitrides and carbides and the associated composites and their roles in improving the properties of Li-S batteries and discuss their applications as sulfur cathodes and interlayers, mechanisms of lithium polysulfides adsorption, and effects on reaction kinetics. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge, identify research gaps, and inspire future advancements in Li-S battery technology, paving the way for high-performance, sustainable energy storage solutions.