High-Photovoltage Silicon Nanowire for Biological Cofactor Production

Photocathodic conversion of NAD⁺ to NADH cofactor is a promising platform for activating redox biological catalysts and enzymatic synthesis using renewable solar energy. However, many photocathodes suffer from low photovoltage, consequently requiring a high cathodic bias for NADH production. Here, we report an n⁺p-type silicon nanowire (n⁺p-SiNW) photocathode having a photovoltage of 435 mV to drive energy-efficient NADH production. The enhanced band bending at the n⁺/p interface accounts for the high photovoltage, which conduces to a benchmark onset potential [0.393 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode (V_RHE)] for SiNW-based photocathodic NADH generation. In addition, the n⁺p-SiNW nanomaterial exhibits a Faradaic efficiency of 84.7% and a conversion rate of 1.63 μmol h^-1 cm^-1 at 0.2 V_RHE, which is the lowest cathodic potential to achieve the maximum productivity among SiNW-sensitized cofactor production.