Development of an efficient electrochemical sensing platform based on ter-poly(luminol-<i>o</i>-anisidine-<i>o</i>-toluidine)/ZnO/GNPs nanocomposites for the detection of antimony (Sb³⁺) ions

A poly(luminol-o-anisidine-o-toluidine) terpolymer was synthesized, characterized, and modified with GNPs and ZnO NPs. The nanocomposites were then examined for their electroactivity and potential use as cationic electrochemical sensors for detecting Sb³⁺ ions in phosphate buffer on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Among the different compositions and the terpolymer, the GCE adapted with the PLAT/ZnO/GNPs-5% nanocomposite displayed the highest current response. The fabricated nanocomposite sensor exhibited high sensitivity, with a value of 21.4177 μA μM^-1 cm^-2, and a low detection limit of 95.42 pM. The analytical performance of the sensor was evaluated over the linear dynamic range (LDR) of 0.1 nM to 0.01 mM. The proposed sensor is effective in detecting and measuring carcinogenic Sb³⁺ ions in real environmental samples using an electrochemical approach, making it a promising tool for environmental monitoring.