Assembly and Evolution of Artificial Metalloenzymes within <i>E. coli</i> Nissle 1917 for Enantioselective and Site-Selective Functionalization of C─H and C═C Bonds

The potential applications afforded by the generation and reactivity of artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) in microorganisms are vast. We show that a non-pathogenic E. coli strain, Nissle 1917 (EcN), is a suitable host for the creation of ArMs from cytochrome P450s and artificial heme cofactors. An outer-membrane receptor in EcN transports an iridium porphyrin into the cell, and the Ir-CYP119 (CYP119 containing iridium porphyrin) assembled in vivo catalyzes carbene insertions into benzylic C-H bonds enantioselectively and site-selectively. The application of EcN as a whole-cell screening platform eliminates the need for laborious processing procedures, drastically increases the ease and throughput of screening, and accelerates the development of Ir-CYP119 with improved catalytic properties. Studies to identify the transport machinery suggest that a transporter different from the previously assumed ChuA receptor serves to usher the iridium porphyrin into the cytoplasm.