Microcosm experiment investigating climate-induced thermal effects on human virus viability in seawater: qPCR vs capsid integrity for enhanced risk management

Climate change is intensifying extreme weather events in coastal areas, leading to more frequent discharge of untreated wastewater containing human viruses into coastal waters. This poses a health risk, especially during heatwaves when bathing activity increases. A study examined the survival and viability of seven common wastewater viruses in seawater at different temperatures. Viral genomes were quantified using direct qPCR, whilst viability was assessed using Capsid Integrity qPCR. Results showed that T90 values from direct qPCR were much higher than those from CI-qPCR, suggesting that risk mitigation should be based on viral integrity tests. All viruses remained potentially viable for at least 72 h in environmental seawater and longer in sterile artificial seawater, highlighting the importance of biotic processes in viral inactivation. Viral persistence decreased with increasing temperature. Whilst heatwaves may partially reduce risks from human viral pathogens in coastal waters, they do not eliminate them entirely.