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Rhotics, /uMODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON/, and diphthongization in New Braunfels German

Abstract

This paper investigates the status of rhotics, /u./, and the diphthongization of /e./ and /o./ in New Braunfels German, a variety of Texas German, a set of moribund dialects spoken in Texas. Boas, Hans C. (2009a. The life and death of Texas German. Durham: Duke University Press: 158) notes that retroflex /./ appears. [mainly] in borrowed words. He further assumes that New Braunfels German differs from other German American dialects such as Pennsylvania German and Wisconsin German in that English sounds almost never appear in native German words (160). The results discussed here indicate that this statement no longer holds true. Today, perceptual analysis and phonological measurements of Texas German Dialect Project data reveal that both American English retroflex approximants and diphthongs [e.] and [o.] appear frequently. Moreover, /u./ is sometimes centralized/fronted with short/mid-long quality. Language attrition and language death, two mutually reinforcing variables, appear as the driving forces for these phenomena.

article Article

date_range 2022

language English

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Warmuth Matthias

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language attrition

language death

loan phonology

sound change

Texas German

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Effect of corrosion on flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams with polypropylene fibers

Abstract

An experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of polypropylene fibers on uncorroded and corroded reinforced concrete beams. Three different volume fractions of polypropylene fibers having 0, 0.5, and 1.5%, were tested at four corrosion levels of 0% and approximately 5, 7, and 9%. A full scale of an accelerated corrosion pool was used for the accelerated corrosion process. Reinforced concrete beams were used for an under monotonic bending test. The contribution of the actual corrosion levels of transverse and longitudinal reinforcement bars to the total corrosion levels were obtained from reinforcement bars fully extracted from concrete. Flexural strength, bond-slip, and moment-curvature relationships were examined for uncorroded and corroded reinforced concrete beams. A new model was developed to predict the flexural strength of corroded reinforced concrete beams. The proposed model for predicting the residual flexural strength of corroded beams was compared with test data published in previous studies. Furthermore, a novel model is presented for improved predictions between the actual and theoretically estimated corrosion mass losses, based on Faraday’s law, with the aid of fully extracted reinforcement bars. The model used to predict the flexural strength of corroded reinforced concrete beams with large sizes demonstrated good agreement with current and previously published literature data. In the case of corroded beams comprising differing amounts of polypropylene fibers, the performance of the corroded beams was limited by a fiber volume fraction of 1.5% at low corrosion levels.

article Article

date_range 2018

language English

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