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Controllability of Large-Scale Networks: The Control Energy Exponents

Abstract

In this article, we characterize the control energy behavior of large-scale linear network systems controlled by a single input. Specifically, we establish conditions under which two widely used control energy metrics, namely: 1) the inverse of the minimum eigenvalue and 2) the normalized determinant of the controllability Gramian, grow exponentially fast in the system dimension and derive closed-form expressions for their asymptotic exponential growth rate. We apply our findings to structured and random network architectures.

article Article

date_range 2024

language English

link Link of the paper

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Baggio Giacomo

Zampieri Sandro

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Featured Keywords

Controllability

Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions

Measurement

Network systems

Linear systems

Symbols

Aerospace electronics

Control energy

controllability Gramian

large-scale systems

linear systems

network systems

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Assessment of reinforced concrete building damages following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Malatya, Turkey (February 6, 2023)

Abstract

Earthquakes of magnitude Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 hit the city of Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) on 6 February 2023. These earthquakes caused serious damage in 11 provinces in Turkey resulting in over 50,000 deaths and huge economic losses with the collapse of thousands of buildings. Two consecutive devastating earthquakes have severely damaged the reinforced concrete building stock located in Malatya. There are many reasons reinforced concrete structures suffer damage under the influence of seismic loads. These reasons can be listed as material and section properties that do not comply with earthquake codes, workmanship defects, ground parameters that are not considered and design errors, as seen in field investigations after earthquakes in Turkey in the past. In this research, a field study was conducted on reinforced concrete buildings damaged after the earthquakes in Malatya province. The causes of structural damages in reinforced concrete buildings between 6–26 years of age were assessed in terms of design and material defects. The structural damages were mainly caused due to insufficient stirrups in structural members, short column, strong beam–weak column, failures of infill walls, soft story type collapse, poor concrete quality, and reinforcement corrosion. In addition to the field investigation, the spectrum relationships created using raw acceleration data obtained from DEMP (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency) stations in Malatya province were compared with the design response spectra.

article Article

date_range 2024

language English

link Link of the paper

Collapsed buildings

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