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A review on heterogeneous photocatalytic materials: Mechanism, perspectives, and environmental and energy sustainability applications

Abstract

Nano-energetic semiconductor-based photocatalysis has attracted a lot of consideration due to its capability to use solar energy to generate solar fuels, such as hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels, and remove various contaminants. Due to quick electron-hole recombination and low light utilization, the efficiency of photocatalytic processes still needs to improve. As a result, tremendous efforts have been made to solve these issues. Owing to the electron-hole pair ' s separation of photo-generated, correctly constructed heterojunction photocatalysts have been found to have better photocatalytic activity. The basic principles of various photocatalysts, definitions, and classifications of photocatalysis, and the application of photo-based processes in numerous applications are all illustrated in this review. Photocatalyst types and fundamental optical/electronic properties are also discussed. Recent efforts to create heterojunction photocatalysts (highly energetic materials) for various photocatalytic applications are also discussed and evaluated. This review provides an in-depth look into photocatalysis applications, particularly those that benefit environmental processes and energy production. Finally, a brief conclusion is presented, and the future approaches in the field of nano-energetic photocatalysts.

article Review

date_range 2024

language English

link Link of the paper

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Morshedy Asmaa

El-Fawal Esraa

Zaki Tamer

El-Zahhar Adel

Alghamdi Majed

El naggar Ahmed

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Featured Keywords

Photocatalysis

Chemical application

Heterogeneous materials

Process engineering

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Assessment of reinforced concrete building damages following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in Malatya, Turkey (February 6, 2023)

Abstract

Earthquakes of magnitude Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 hit the city of Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) on 6 February 2023. These earthquakes caused serious damage in 11 provinces in Turkey resulting in over 50,000 deaths and huge economic losses with the collapse of thousands of buildings. Two consecutive devastating earthquakes have severely damaged the reinforced concrete building stock located in Malatya. There are many reasons reinforced concrete structures suffer damage under the influence of seismic loads. These reasons can be listed as material and section properties that do not comply with earthquake codes, workmanship defects, ground parameters that are not considered and design errors, as seen in field investigations after earthquakes in Turkey in the past. In this research, a field study was conducted on reinforced concrete buildings damaged after the earthquakes in Malatya province. The causes of structural damages in reinforced concrete buildings between 6–26 years of age were assessed in terms of design and material defects. The structural damages were mainly caused due to insufficient stirrups in structural members, short column, strong beam–weak column, failures of infill walls, soft story type collapse, poor concrete quality, and reinforcement corrosion. In addition to the field investigation, the spectrum relationships created using raw acceleration data obtained from DEMP (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency) stations in Malatya province were compared with the design response spectra.

article Article

date_range 2024

language English

link Link of the paper

Collapsed buildings

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